The perspective is that the energy demand will grow in the coming decades worldwide. The search for renewable energy sources is urgent and necessary. Residual biomass may be a promising source of raw material for obtaining bioenergy. Thus, this research sought to evaluate the energetic and physicochemical properties of residues from the seeds of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze). The chemical analysis included the extractive, holocellulose, and Klason lignin contents. The residues were pyrolyzed according to the final temperature of each process (300 ºC - 550 ºC) and a control treatment. The proximate analysis was performed to determine the moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. We determined bulk density, the higher heating value, and the net heating value. The determination of the energetic density was also calculated. The residues showed significant values in lignin and extractives. The pyrolysis treatments performed at the final temperature of 350 ºC and 400 ºC presented a higher value of gravimetric charcoal yield. The charcoal obtained at 500 ºC and 550 ºC had better energetic properties. The Brazilian pine seed residues under the pyrolysis process presented desirable energy characteristics, showing its potential for use as a raw material in bioenergy generation.

Abstract The Euterpe oleracea Mart. has great importance in the neotropical forestry economy. Its berry is a product of great commercial value used extensively for human consumption. Most E. oleracea researches evaluate its food features, however, its potential use for phytoremediation and stipe use remains unknown. This research aimed to assess the seedling’s phytoextraction potential and the structural chemical composition in the seedlings and mature palm trees stipes. We used the Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the concentration of the chemical elements. E. oleracea seedlings showed a great phytoextraction potential for aluminum and iron. The aluminum seedlings concentration was four times higher than preconized as a hyperaccumulator species. Calcium concentration was lower than considered normal, which may represent an antagonism effect caused by the strong presence of aluminum and iron. The fast uptake and accumulation of the seedlings highlight the potential to use this species in phytoremediation programs.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a capacidade das indústrias moveleiras da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, em atender aos requisitos das certificações de cadeia de custódia do Forest Council Stewardship (FSC). Os dados foram coletados através da aplicação de questionários contendo informações sobre a certificação florestal (administração participativa, capacitação dos funcionários, documentação legal da empresa, fornecedores certificados, rastreabilidade da matéria-prima e relatório de movimentação de certificação). Os questionários foram preenchidos durante visitas às empresas, respondidos pelo responsável do setor de projeto e produção. Os requisitos “disposição de licenças e outros documentos legais”, “disponibilidade de um responsável pelo processo de certificação de cadeia de custódia” e “capacitação de funcionários”, que necessitam de custos e que exigem procedimentos burocráticos para cumprimento, foram os que mais interferiram para que as empresas não obtivessem o certificado de cadeia de custódia. O requisito-chave “rastreabilidade da matéria-prima” não apresentou complexidade de cumprimento, visto que todas as indústrias afirmaram ter capacidade em atendê-lo. Em relação à norma de certificação de cadeia de custódia, a maioria das indústrias moveleiras da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro consegue cumprir os requisitos exigidos.

Abstract This research aimed to analyze the ability of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan furniture industries to meet the requirements of Forest Council Stewardship chain of custody certifications (FSC). Data were collected through the application of questionnaires containing information on forest certification (participatory management, employee training, company legal documentation, certified suppliers, raw material traceability and certification movement report). The questionnaires were completed during visits to the companies, answered by the head of the design and production sector. The requirements “provision of licenses” and “other legal documents”, “availability of chain of custody certification process officer” and “staff training”, which require costs and require bureaucratic compliance procedures, were the ones that influenced the companies not to obtain the chain of custody certificate. The key requirement “raw material traceability” did not present compliance complexity, as all industries claimed to be able to meet it. In the chain of custody certification standard, most furniture industries in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region can meet the required requirements.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os carvões da casca, maravalha e serragem de Eucalyptus pellita, assim como os briquetes produzidos desses materiais, carbonizados em duas temperaturas. Para isso, a casca, maravalha e serragem oriundas do processamento mecânico foram carbonizados sob temperaturas de 400 ºC e 600 ºC. As propriedades físico-químicas dos carvões produzidos foram comparadas com as do lenho carbonizado nas mesmas temperaturas. Em seguida os resíduos carbonizados foram briquetados e analisados através da umidade de equilíbrio, massa específica aparente, taxa de degradação natural e forçada. A carbonização da casca da madeira de Eucalyptus pellita proporcionou aumentos significativos nos rendimentos gravimétricos em carvão. Houve uma relação positiva entre a temperatura de carbonização e a umidade de equilíbrio dos briquetes produzidos com os resíduos carbonizados. Os briquetes produzidos com o carvão da casca carbonizada a 400 ºC apresentaram elevado ritmo de degradação térmica.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the charcoals of bark, shavings and sawdust of Eucalyptus pellita, and the briquettes produced from these materials, carbonized at two temperatures. The bark, shavings and sawdust generated by mechanical processing were charred at temperatures of 400 °C and 600 °C. The physicochemical properties of the charcoals produced were compared with those of the carbonized wood at the same temperatures. Then the charred residues were briquetted and analyzed through equilibrium moisture, apparent specific mass, natural and forced degradation rate. Carbonization of the bark of Eucalyptus pellita wood increased the gravimetric yields in charcoal. There was a positive relationship between the carbonization temperature and the equilibrium moisture of the briquettes produced with the carbonized residues. The briquettes produced with charcoal from the carbonized bark at 400 ºC presented a high rate of thermal degradation.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os carvões da casca, maravalha e serragem de Eucalyptus pellita, assim como os briquetes produzidos desses materiais, carbonizados em duas temperaturas. Para isso, a casca, maravalha e serragem oriundas do processamento mecânico foram carbonizados sob temperaturas de 400 ºC e 600 ºC. As propriedades físico-químicas dos carvões produzidos foram comparadas com as do lenho carbonizado nas mesmas temperaturas. Em seguida os resíduos carbonizados foram briquetados e analisados através da umidade de equilíbrio, massa específica aparente, taxa de degradação natural e forçada. A carbonização da casca da madeira de Eucalyptus pellita proporcionou aumentos significativos nos rendimentos gravimétricos em carvão. Houve uma relação positiva entre a temperatura de carbonização e a umidade de equilíbrio dos briquetes produzidos com os resíduos carbonizados. Os briquetes produzidos com o carvão da casca carbonizada a 400 ºC apresentaram elevado ritmo de degradação térmica.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the charcoals of bark, shavings and sawdust of Eucalyptus pellita, and the briquettes produced from these materials, carbonized at two temperatures. The bark, shavings and sawdust generated by mechanical processing were charred at temperatures of 400 °C and 600 °C. The physicochemical properties of the charcoals produced were compared with those of the carbonized wood at the same temperatures. Then the charred residues were briquetted and analyzed through equilibrium moisture, apparent specific mass, natural and forced degradation rate. Carbonization of the bark of Eucalyptus pellita wood increased the gravimetric yields in charcoal. There was a positive relationship between the carbonization temperature and the equilibrium moisture of the briquettes produced with the carbonized residues. The briquettes produced with charcoal from the carbonized bark at 400 ºC presented a high rate of thermal degradation.

ABSTRACT: Charcoal is an important product widely used in food preparation in many parts of the world, both in developing and developed countries. However, most of the time, the main qualitative characteristics for consumers and the environment are not considered during production. Developing energy-efficient products for food preparation has been a constant pursuit of the charcoal supply chain and the aim of this study was to interact with charcoal consumers to become conversant with and classify the characteristics suitable for barbecue use. To achieve our objectives, we used the quality function deployment (QFD) method. The qualitative needs were deployed together with a multidisciplinary team assembled through interviews with several charcoal consumers. The cause and effect factors were also determined by the Ishikawa method. The technical demands of the product had the following priority order: ease of ignition, rapid formation of embers and flames, fast preparation of grilled food, and affordability. The factors relating to raw material, labor, and methodology emerged as decisive in the quality of charcoal for barbecue, and future studies should consider incorporating the results obtained in the production of charcoal and the respective consumer analysis.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the resistance of the thermally treated wood of Pinus caribaea and Eucalyptus saligna to the biological attack of wood rotting fungi. The heat treatment processes were carried out in electric oven under nitrogen atmosphere, starting from 100 °C until reaching each one of the final temperatures of the process: 120, 140, 160, and 180 °C. The resistance assays were performed for white rot, brown rot, and soft rot fungi. The increase in decay resistance was observed for heat-treated wood of Pinus caribaea at higher temperatures. On the other hand, Eucalyptus saligna showed increased resistance to rotting fungi at all tested temperatures, except for white and soft rot at 120 °C. In general, the heat treatment process showed good results for its use as a wood preservative method.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal decomposition profile of 10 wood species from the semi-arid region of Brazil using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate their potential as biomass energy sources. First, flash carbonization was carried out in a muffle furnace, in which wood samples were heated to a maximum temperature of 500°C, and the product yields were determined. The chemical analysis of the wood of each species for the determination of extractive, lignin and ash contents was performed. TGA was performed using sawdust samples heated at 10°C.min−1 up to 625°C under a nitrogen atmosphere at a flow rate of 50 mL.min−1. The thermal decomposition profile was used to evaluate which wood species was more thermally stable. Mimosa tenuiflora and Poincianella pyramidalis woods were the most suitable as biomass energy sources for charcoal production because of their thermal stability and satisfactory carbonization yields. The thermal stability of the 10 wood samples was confirmed by the analysis of the carbonization yields.

A pirólise da madeira é usada há séculos para a produção de carvão vegetal. No entanto, o estudo de componentes de madeira alterados pela temperatura da pirólise é fundamental para determinar as propriedades do carvão vegetal. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar por FTIR a alteração química de madeiras submetidas a diferentes temperaturas de pirólise. Amostras de espécies de Corymbia citriodora foram submetidas a pirólise sob temperaturas finais de 240°C, 280°C, 320°C e 400°C em um reator de leito fixo preenchido com gás N2. A análise de FTIR foi realizada nos materiais após a pirólise. Os resultados mostraram que a celulose e as hemiceluloses apresentaram maior suscetibilidade à degradação térmica do que os outros componentes da madeira. Pode-se observar alteração química no resíduo de madeira obtido entre 240°C e 280°C. Além disso, o resíduo de madeira obtido para a pirólise acima de 280°C apresentou características semelhantes às do carvão vegetal totalmente pirolisado. Há uma mudança contínua da madeira devido à temperatura da pirólise pela mudança da intensidade e pelos deslocamentos das bandas. A análise de FTIR permitiu a avaliação gradativa do processo de pirólise da madeira e suas variações químicas nas temperaturas de pirólise estudadas.

ABSTRACT Wood pyrolysis has been use for centuries to obtain charcoal. Nonetheless, the study of wood components altering by the pyrolysis temperature is crucial to determine the charcoal’s properties. The present research aims to evaluate by FTIR the chemical altering of wood submitted to various pyrolysis temperatures. Sam-ples of Corymbia citriodora species were submitted to temperatures of 240 °C, 280 °C, 320 °C and 400 °C in a fixed bed reactor filled with N2. The FTIR analysis was performed in the wood residues after pyrolysis. The results showed that cellulose and hemicelluloses presented more susceptibility to thermal degradation than other wood components. It could be observed chemical altering in the wood residue obtained between 240 °C and 280 °C. In addition, the wood residue obtained for treatments over 280 °C presented characteristics simi-lar to vegetal charcoal. There are a continuous change of the wood due to the temperature of the pyrolysis by the change of bands intensity and by the bands shift. The FTIR analysis allowed the evaluation of the wood’s pyrolysis process and its chemical variations with the temperatures applicate.

ABSTRACT The extractives are responsible for some characteristics of wood, such as color, smell, natural resistance to rot, taste, and abrasive properties. In addition, its content and composition vary between wood species. The objective of this work was to present a phytochemical analysis of wood extractives of native species from the Atlantic Forest, aiming at the characterization of some classes of secondary metabolites. Phytochemical tests for the detection of classes of metabolites present in Croton Urucurana Baill, Pelthoforum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart., and Hymenaea courbaril L. were carried out with crude wood, hydrophilic extract (methanol), and lipophilic extract (cyclohexane). Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids in all the hydrophilic extracts of the species studied. Saponins were only detected in P. dubium and J. cuspidifolia. Phytochemical analysis permitted the identification of several metabolites, suggesting possible pharmacological actions of the species studied.

RESUMO Este estudo analisou o efeito da adição de madeira de E. grandis x E. urophylla à resíduos madeireiros de origem urbana (RMOU) como estratégia para geração de energia. Os RMOU foram coletados em uma empresa de transbordo e triagem de resíduos da construção civil (RCC) no município de Piracicaba, SP e a madeira de eucalipto foi obtida a partir de um plantio de sete anos de idade. Foram analisadas cinco tratamentos com proporções (%) de RMOU e madeira de eucalipto, sendo T1 = 100/0, T2 = 75/25, T3 = 50/50, T4 = 25/75 e T5 = 0/100. Desses tratamentos foram analisadas as características físicas, químicas, imediatas, taxa de contaminantes minerais e teste de combustibilidade (ICOM). Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise da variância, correlações e análise multivariada de agrupamento hierárquico (cluster). Observou-se que elevados teores de extrativos, de holocelulose, de materiais voláteis, assim como baixos teores de cinza e de contaminantes e o melhor desempenho da combustão foram para o tratamento com 100% de madeira de eucalipto (T5). Por outro lado, a adição de madeira de eucalipto aos RMOU possibilitou o incremento do ICOM. Dessa forma, o tratamento T3 é o mais recomendado para a utilização energética.

ABSTRACT This research analyzed the effect of the addition of E. grandis x E. urophylla wood to the wood waste of urban origin (WWU) as a strategy for energy generation. The WWU was collected in transshipment and from a sorting company of civil construction waste in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The wood of eucalyptus was obtained from a 7-year old plantation. Five treatments with proportions (%) of WWU and eucalyptus wood were analyzed: T1 = 100/0, T2 = 75/25, T3 = 50/50, T4 = 25/75 and T5 = 0/100. The treatments had the physical, chemical, immediate characteristics, mineral contaminants rate, and combustion test (ICOM) analyzed. The data were analyzed through the study of variance, correlations, and multivariate hierarchical clusters analysis (HCA). The higher content of extractives, holocellulose, volatile materials, low ash content values, rate of mineral contaminants and high performance for combustion test were observed only for the treatment having exclusively eucalyptus wood (T5). However, the addition of eucalyptus wood in the WWU allowed for the increase of the ICOM of these materials. In this way, the T3 treatment presents as the most recommended for energetic use.

RESUMO O carvão vegetal é um produto bastante utilizado para a cocção de alimentos, porém, a sua qualidade para o referido uso não tem sido bem estudada. Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são uma classe de compostos carcinógenos que podem estar presentes no carvão vegetal. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o composto orgânico líquido extraído do carvão vegetal pela ação de solventes orgânicos, quanto à presença de HPAs. Para isso, foi adquirida uma marca comercial de carvão, coletada em estabelecimentos comercias em Piracicaba, SP. Foram realizados ensaios complementares para identificação da madeira utilizada na produção do carvão, determinação da umidade, densidade aparente, composição imediata, poder calorífico e índice de combustão. O composto orgânico extraído do carvão vegetal a partir da dissolução em ciclohexano foi analisado por meio de cromatografia a gás acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa (GC/MS), com intuito de determinar uma classe de dezesseis HPAs. De forma geral, o carvão vegetal apresentou características regulares para utilização em cocção de alimentos. Todos os HPAs analisados foram detectados no composto orgânico extraído do carvão, porém os valores observados estiveram abaixo do limite de quantificação determinado.

ABSTRACT Charcoal is a widely used product for barbecue, however, its quality for said use has not been well studied. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of carcinogenic compounds that can be present in charcoal. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the organic phase extracted from charcoal by organic solvents, regarding the presence of PAHs. For this, a commercial charcoal brand was acquired, collected in establishments in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo. Complementary tests were carried out to identify the wood used in the production of charcoal, such as determination of humidity, apparent density, immediate composition, calorific value, and combustion index. The organic phase extracted from the charcoal using cyclohexane was analyzed in a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for identification of a class of sixteen PAHs. In general, charcoal presented regular characteristics for barbecue. All PAHs analyzed were detected in the organic phase extracted from the charcoal, but the observed values were below the quantified limit determined

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a higroscopicidade do carvão vegetal produzido em quatro diferentes temperaturas finais de carbonização. Para avaliação da higroscopicidade as amostras de carvão vegetal foram acondicionadas em ambientes com temperatura e umidade relativa controladas, utilizando-se soluções salinas saturadas. Os rendimentos dos produtos da carbonização e as características do carvão vegetal foram significativamente influenciados pelas temperaturas finais de carbonização. O carvão vegetal produzido sob a temperatura final de 750 ºC apresentou a maior capacidade de adsorção de água, indicada pela umidade após o acondicionamento. Verificaram-se correlações entre a umidade adsorvida e a porosidade do carvão vegetal produzido.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate hygroscopicity of charcoal produced under four different final carbonization temperatures. For evaluation of hygroscopicity charcoal samples were conditioned in environments with controlled temperature and relative humidity, using saturated salt solutions. The final carbonization temperature significantly influenced the products yields and the properties of charcoal. The charcoal produced in the final temperature of 750 °C showed the highest adsorption capacity of water, indicated by the moisture content after conditioning, in the higher relative humidity environment. Correlations were observed between adsorbed moisture and the porosity of charcoal produced.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus saligna oriunda de áreas de produção do Estado do Rio de Janeiro com vistas ao uso energético. Selecionaram-se seis árvores por espécie, com seis anos de idade. Determinou-se a densidade básica da madeira e, em seguida, amostras de madeira foram submetidas ao processo de pirólise com temperatura final de 500 °C. Foram determinados os rendimentos em carvão vegetal, em líquido pirolenhoso e em gases não condensáveis. Foi realizada a análise imediata do carvão, para a determinação dos teores de materiais voláteis, cinza e carbono fixo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson e análise de componentes principais. A análise de correlação e a análise de componentes principais foram eficientes na predição da espécie recomendada. Com base nos resultados, a espécie mais recomendada para fins energéticos foi o Eucalyptus grandis.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus saligna, from production areas of Rio de Janeiro State, intended for energy use. The selection consisted of six trees per specie, at six years old. The wood samples had its basic density determined, then, was subjected to the pyrolysis process with 500 °C of final temperature. Charcoal, pyroligneous liquid and non-condensable gases yields were determined. In addition, the charcoal had its immediate analysis performed to determine the levels of volatiles matter, fixed carbon and ash content. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and principal component analysis. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis were effective to predict recommended species. Based on the results, the most recommended specie for energy purposes was the Eucalyptus grandis.

O carvão vegetal é um produto de grande importância na economia brasileira, fato este ligado ao seu uso como fonte de energia renovável e redutor no setor siderúrgico. Esforços vêm sendo feitos visando à melhoria do processo de produção do carvão vegetal, o qual pode ser obtido em diferentes tipos de fornos, com rendimentos e qualidade variados. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento das características referentes à planta de carbonização pertencente à Saint Gobain Ltda. situada no município de Seropédica/RJ e analisar quimicamente o carvão produzido. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário e comparados aos de outras duas empresas do mesmo segmento. A análise das amostras de carvão vegetal foi realizada em laboratório, através da análise química imediata. Os fornos utilizados na produção de carvão vegetal existentes na planta de carbonização da empresa analisada caracterizam-se como fornos de superfície com chaminé. O rendimento médio observado da conversão da madeira em carvão vegetal foi de 50%. Na comparação com outros sistemas de carbonização, a empresa analisada apresentou valores intermediários em termos de rendimento do processo e o carvão vegetal produzido foi considerado de boa qualidade, apresentando elevado teor de carbono fixo (82,70%) e baixo teor de cinza (1,30%).

ABSTRACT Charcoal is a product of great importance in the Brazilian economy, a fact linked to its use as a renewable energy source and reducing the steel industry. Efforts have been made aiming at improving the production process of charcoal, which can be obtained in different furnace types with varying yield and quality. Taking these factors into consideration, the aim of this study was to survey the characteristics relating to the carbonization plant belonging to the Saint Gobain Ltda. company, in the city of Seropédica/Rio de Janeiro-Brazil and chemically analyze the coal produced. The data were obtained through a questionnaire and compared to the other two companies in the same industrial segment. The analysis of charcoal samples was conducted in the laboratory through chemical analysis. The furnaces used in charcoal production in existing carbonization plant analyzed company are characterized as surface furnaces with chimney. The average output of the conversion of wood charcoal was 50%. Compared to other carbonization systems, the company analyzed showed intermediate values in terms of process yield and charcoal produced is considered good quality, with high fixed carbon content (82.70%) and low ash content (1,30%).